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Testicular cancer

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Testicular cancer is a malignant tumor of the epithelial tissues of the male gonads. It is relatively rare in the overall structure of oncological diseases, accounting for only 2% of all malignancies.

There are three peak age groups when testicular cancer is most commonly diagnosed:

  • Boys under 10 years old (stromal tumors)
  • Men of reproductive age (20–35 years old) (germ cell tumors)
  • Elderly men over 65 years old

In 97% of cases, only one testicle is affected. Testicular cancer is considered an aggressive malignancy with rapid progression and metastasis.

Symptoms indicating the need for diagnosis and treatment

Like other types of cancer, early-stage testicular cancer is asymptomatic. As the tumor grows, characteristic clinical signs appear:

  • Painless lump in one testicle (in rare cases, both)
  • Scrotal asymmetry
  • Dull aching pain in the testicle and above the pubic area
  • Pain during urination and defecation

Diagnostic and treatment methods

Diagnosis

To diagnose testicular cancer, basic laboratory tests are performed to assess tumor markers: human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).

To confirm the diagnosis, patients undergo scrotal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Aspiration biopsy is not recommended for testicular cancer; instead, tumor resection is performed.

Treatment

Highly qualified oncologists in leading global clinics determine treatment strategies based on the tumor type and stage. The primary approach is surgical intervention (orchifuniculectomy), which is indicated even at the first stage of cancer. After tumor removal, patients typically receive radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

Leading clinics in Europe offer testicular prosthetics after orchifuniculectomy to improve quality of life, as well as sperm cryopreservation before treatment to preserve fertility.

Innovations in global clinics

Israeli clinics have introduced the Da Vinci robotic surgery system for the removal of retroperitoneal lymph nodes, which are located in hard-to-reach areas. These surgeries use the latest-generation Da Vinci Xi system with enhanced 3D visualization.